Design a Scalable ETL Pipeline Architecture for Your Data Platform

Act as a senior data engineer with 10+ years of experience designing enterprise-grade ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) pipelines. I need you to design a comprehensive ETL pipeline for the following scenario: **Data Context:** - Source systems: [LIST_OF_SOURCE_SYSTEMS, e.g., PostgreSQL, REST APIs, CSV files] - Target destination: [TARGET_DATA_WAREHOUSE, e.g., Snowflake, BigQuery, Redshift] - Data volume: approximately [DATA_VOLUME, e.g., 5 million records/day] - Update frequency: [FREQUENCY, e.g., real-time, hourly, daily batch] - Primary business use case: [USE_CASE, e.g., customer analytics, financial reporting] **Please provide the following in your design:** 1. **Architecture Overview:** Draw out (in text/diagram form) the end-to-end pipeline architecture, including ingestion, staging, transformation, and loading layers. 2. **Technology Stack Recommendation:** Recommend specific tools and frameworks (e.g., Apache Airflow, dbt, Spark, Fivetran) for each layer. Justify each choice based on the data volume and frequency requirements. 3. **Data Transformation Logic:** Outline the key transformation steps including data cleaning, deduplication, schema mapping, and business logic application. Provide pseudocode or SQL snippets for at least 2 critical transformations. 4. **Error Handling & Monitoring:** Design a robust error handling strategy including retry logic, dead-letter queues, data quality checks, and alerting mechanisms. 5. **Scalability & Performance:** Address how the pipeline handles traffic spikes of [SPIKE_MULTIPLIER, e.g., 3x] normal volume, partitioning strategies, and incremental loading vs. full refresh trade-offs. 6. **Data Governance:** Include data lineage tracking, schema evolution handling, and access control recommendations. 7. **Deployment & CI/CD:** Outline how to version control, test, and deploy pipeline changes safely. Format the output with clear section headers, bullet points, and include a summary comparison table of tool options where applicable.